The mining, milling, and processing steps of the uranium fuel cycle have no credible criticality safety concerns — the uranium concentration is far too low and the material is not enriched. However, the following hazards apply:
- Radiological hazard: External gamma, radon inhalation, dust inhalation (especially underground mining)
- Chemical hazard: Acids, solvents, and heavy metals used in milling
- Environmental hazard: Tailings management, groundwater protection, radon release